THE ASSIGNMENT OF
SECOND LANGUAGE AND ACQUISITION SUBJECT
“NEGOTIATION OF MEANING”

BY
SITI MAISAROH
0743042039


ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION
THE FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION
LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY
2011


I. PREFACE

This paper is constructed to fulfill a requirement of Second Language Acquisition subject. It contained an analyses of some talks which then, is directed to an exploration toward the negotiation of meaning occurred in the language used in the talks.

There are three talks to be analyzed, with two persons taking role as the addresser and the addressee respectively. Each of the talk has about three minute’s duration. All of them use the same language that is Javanese. The first is a male-to-female talk. Meanwhile the second is a male-to-male talk. And the last is a female-to-female talk.

Due to lack of experience and knowledge possessed by the writer, it is obvious that this analysis is still far from perfection. Thus, the writer is pleased looking for any suggestion and criticism from the readers.



II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

As advocated by Wagner (1996), the interest in the study of interactions within the last two decades is partly due to consideration of the role of communication for second/foreign language acquisition. The communication itself undoubtedly involves at least, if not one, two subjects, taking roles as the addresser and the addressee respectively. Each of them are trying to settle their knowledge and understanding of what is being talked.

However, in the process, there frequently occurs a misunderstanding or even non understanding by one of the speaker of his interlocutor’s utterances. Here, the function of negotiation of meaning plays its role in assisting an achievement of mutual understanding between the speakers.

Regarding the thoughtful view above, there subsequently emerges a reasonable question: “What is meant by negotiation of meaning?” Responding to this, there has been an attempt defining that negotiation of meaning is a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addressees to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. In this case, when native speakers (Ns) and non native speakers (NNs) are involved in an interaction, both interactants work together to solve any potential misunderstanding or non understanding that occurs, by checking each others’ comprehension, requesting clarification and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech (Pica, 1988).
There have been many proposals of negotiation of meaning advocated by experts. Yet, this analysis tries to depart from a definition suggested by Pica et al (1989). They defined that negotiation of meaning basically consists of four interrelated moves. They are trigger, signal, response and follow-up moves.

The first to go, trigger, is viewed as any utterances followed by the addressee’s signal of total/partial lack of understanding. Then, signal is that of total or partial lack of understanding. There are some types of signal: (1) explicit statement or request for clarification, (2) request for confirmation through repetition on the addresser, (3) request for confirmation through modification of the addresser, and (4) request for confirmation through completion or elaboration of the addresser. The next is response, consisting of: (1) switch to a new topic, (2) suppliance of information relevant to the topic, but not directly responsive to addressee signal, (3) repetition of the addressee’s modification of trigger, (4) self modification of trigger, (5) repetition of the addresser’s trigger, (6) confirmation or acknowledgement of signal only, and (7) indication of difficulty or inability to respond. The last is follow-up moves that consist of: (1) comprehension signal, and (2) continuation move.

The script
Text 1 and text 2 use the same picture


Text 1
Mimi and pipit has low level of skill
pipit : can you tell me the location of the wedding?
mimi : where the location of wedding party is…
pipit : yes, its I mean..
mimi : where the place huh?
pipit : yes yes
mimi : oh.. here in near in TPU Sukajawa
pipit : near what?
mimi : TPU Sukajawa
pipit : oh… how can I go there?
mimi : you can go by blue angkot or ojek
pipit : but my money is not enough for ojek
mimi : sorry?
pipit : I have not any money
mimi : oh…
pipit : so I chose angkot ya
mimi : yeah better
pipit : what angkot?
mimi : blue
pipit : oh yeah blue. So what
mimi : you take blue first after that you take red one.
pipit : just blue and red huh?
mimi : oho (nod)
pipit : left or right?
mimi : the angkot will take you at the adress
pipit : is it right?
mimi : yes… just follow it. ok
pipit : are you sure?
mimi :of course…
pipit : tell me again please…
mimi : huh?
pipit : tell me again ya
mimi : ok ok… you can take blue angkot to TK Ar-Raudhah
pipit : TK what?
mimi : TK Ar-Raudhah, you know that?
pipit : yeah I know… so?
mimi :its near from that TK eh kindergarten
pipit : yes yes and then?
mimi : from that kindergarten you can enter the gang in front of
pipit : in front of kindergarten is a gang?
mimi : yep
pipit : so?
mimi : enter… and turn left just turn left
pipit : sorry…
mimi : just turn left
pipit : huh
mimi : yep the location is in the right side of you
pipit : right me?
mimi : yes your right
pipit : huh… I know it now….
mimi : oke…
pipit : so I enter the gang and turn left the location is in right….
mimi : yep (nod)
pipit : ok thank you for your information…
mimi : no problem…




Text 2
The dialogue between Mimi and didi, mimi is lower level and didi has high level
pipit : i will go to eh party eh my friend party, in eh TPU sukajawa, do you know how to go there?
Didi : sorry?
pipit : how to go to TPU Sukajawa?
Didi : owh that place
Pipit : you know?
Didi : of course i know, it’s near my house.
pipit : really...?
Didi : you know telkom?
pipit : what?
Didi :telkom
pipit : ah yes
Didi : if you know telkom you have to go straight then in the tejunction you turn left trough imam bonjol street, after that turn left again in Tamin street. You will see a kidergarten named Ar-Raudah you enter the gang in front of it and the location is in your right side.
pipit : street what?
Didi : which one?
pipit : the first street, what street?
Didi : kartini street.
pipit : o ya
Did : kartini street then turn.... sorry...
pipit : turn left
Didi : ya turn left,
pipit : after that imam bonjol street and ta ta ta....
Didi : tamin street
pipit : yes i mean tamin street
Didi : huft... then?
pipit : i know the kindergarten, gang and my right
Didi : yes exactly
pipit : i know it. Kartini street, left, imam bonjol, left again, gang, and right.
Didi : yeah thats true... dont forget the kindergarten
pipit : oh yeah the kindergaten, i see
Didi : no
pipit : ok thank you so much
Didi : it’s ok...


Text 3 and 4 use the same picture

Text 3
The dialog between high level students, Ari and Didi.
Ari : I have a nice picture, do you want to see?
Didi : what picture?
Ari : here is the picture of my classmate
Didi : really?
Ari : yes…
Didi : where are you?
Ari : I’m not there
Didi : not there? Why?
Ari : i have micro teaching subject at that time
Didi : micro what?
Ari : micro teaching.
Didi : oh... by the way, so many beautiful lady in your class
Ari : yes, that’s true
Didi : which one do you like?
Ari : sorry?
Didi : is there any some one do you like?
Ari : no no... they all my friend my best friend.
Didi : really?
Ari : yeah...
Didi : but i think the pinky girl has a nice smile
Ari : pardon? A pinky girl?
Didi : yes...
Ari : her name is janah, siti nurjanah
Didi : siti?
Ari : yes siti nurjanah
Didi : same with dangdut singer right?
Ari : its ike nurjanah
Didi : hahaha just kidding... how about the funny man there?
Ari : funny man?
Didi : yup, the biggest smile...
Ari : oh... it’s Doni, my ex leader?
Didi : ex? why you say so?
Ari : i think it’s because he can’t handle the class anymore
Didi : can’t handle the class, why?
Ari : i don’t know...
Didi : do you think that they are a nice friend?
Ari : yeah they do
Didi : so which one is you close friend?
Ari : it’s ni ketut apriyani
Didi : sorry?
Ari : ni ketut apriyani
Didi : how come?
Ari : of course it can be, because she is a really kind girl, she also funny and humorise
Didi : nothing special
Ari : pardon?
Didi : nothing special
Ari : pardon
Didi : nothing special in your heart?
Ari : sorry?
Didi : huh is there notning special in your heart with her?
Ari : haha no of course not, she is just friend for me.
Didi : really?
Ari : yeah, just friend
Didi : ok... i trust you
Ari : look at this boy, look at his appearance, he is so strange right?
Didi : strange?
Ari : i don’t thing so...
Didi : no way
Ari : all the people said he is strange...
Didi : really? Why?
Ari : he has different style with us and he has an over confidence
Didi : over?
Ari : yeah over confidence
Didi : why you say so?
Ari : he always do a strange activity when he performing
Didi : oh no...
Ari : ok forget him, he is not important.
Didi : hey, how about the long hair one? She is cute i think
Ari : which one?
Didi : the long hair
Ari : oh she is Vita, a lampungnese girl. Why?
Didi : no just eh cute eh cute
Ari : haha, cute
Didi : yes cute girl
Ari : i think so

Text 4
The dialogue are between low level and hidh level, Ari and Mimi.
Mimi : it’s all your your classmate?
Ari : yes, exactly yes
Mimi : eh... how many are you your class?
Ari : sorry?
Mimi : member?
Ari : what?
Mimi : ehm calss member?
Ari : oh its around fourty students.
Mimi : so many
Ari : yeah i think so.
Mimi : you in this photo? No no no...
Ari : yes i’m not in that picture, because i have my other subject.
Mimi : oh...
Ari : (pause)...
Mimi : girl friend, where your girl friend?
Ari : pardon?
Mimi : eh your girl friend in the photo
Ari : ooh i have not girl friend, that’s all my friend
Mimi : really
Ari : i swear
Mimi : but the girls beautiful, they are beautiful
Ari : i think so, but no one is my criteria
Mimi : eh.... ya
Ari : (paused)
Mimi : (paused)
Ari : hey look at the two boys, what do you think of them?
Mimi : what?
Ari : do you like one of them huh?
Mimi : ha?
Ari : do you like one of them?
Mimi : eh... i think eh the left boy is good
Ari : which one?
Mimi : the left.
Ari : oh his name is Doni Alfaruqy
Mimi : doni what?
Ari : ALFARUQY
Mimi : ooh that’s a good name
Ari : (nod) but what about the other?
Mimi : yes i think he has a good looking
Ari : ha ha yu’re right...
Mimi : why you lough?
Ari : no no just eh just ... forget it
Mimi : how about the girl, eh good (paused) character
Ari : eh you mean their personality?
Mimi : what?
Ari : yeah character or personality
Mimi : yes
Ari : they all good girl...
Mimi : really...?
Ari : of course
Mimi : how about the currly hair?
Ari : heh?
Mimi : the curly girl
Ari : owh it’s leni apridawaty
Mimi : apri apri what?
Ari : apridawaty
Mimi : leni apridawati?
Ari : hu uh
Mimi : she sweet
Ari : yeah but not as sweet as you (low voice)
Mimi : sorry?
Ari : no no
Mimi : what?
Ari : you also sweet
Mimi : huuu
Ari : he he he
Mimi : eh eh can you tell me the eh the green light girl?
Ari : the what?
Mimi : the girl who wearing the green light cloth
Ari : oh RBR
Mimi : what?
Ari : RBR
Mimi : what RBR?
Ari : Rahmawati Bekti Rahayu... he he
Mimi : like SBY hehe
Ari : yes... she nice
Mimi : owh... all people is nice for you
Ari : pardon?
Mimi : you always think all people is good ya
Ari : yes all people have their good side, it’s surely i know
Mimi : ya ya ya
Ari : yep...
Mimi : ok, thank you for information
Ari : aha you’re welcome...nice to talk with you.
Mimi : ya...

III. Annalysis

Text 1
There are 4 trigger, in 3 minutes 25 second. In a minute there are around 100 words are produced. The negotiation is like this:
a. Morfological modification trough addition, deletion, substitution, of inflectional morfeme. Example:
- (T) pipit : can you tell me the location of the wedding?
(I) mimi : where the location of wedding party is…
(R) mimi : oh.. here in near in TPU Sukajawa
(T) pipit : near what?
(I) mimi : TPU Sukajawa

b. Clarification of request. Example:
- (T) pipit : but my money is not enough for ojek
(I) mimi : sorry?
(R) pipit : I have not any money
(RR)mimi : oh…

- (T) pipit : tell me again please…
(I) mimi : huh?
(R) pipit : tell me again ya
(T)mimi : ok ok… you can take blue angkot to TK Ar-Raudhah
(I) pipit : TK what?
(R) mimi : TK Ar-Raudhah, you know that?

- (T) mimi : enter… and turn left just turn left
(I) pipit : sorry…?
(R)mimi : just turn left

Text 2
There are 5 trigger. It’s need 2 minutes 32 second. In a minute they produce 75 words. The negotiation is like this:
a. Clarification request
- (T)pipit : i will go to eh party eh my friend party, in eh TPU sukajawa, do you know how to go there?
(I)Didi : sorry?
(R)pipit : how to go to TPU Sukajawa?
(RR)Didi : owh that place

- (T)Didi : you know telkom?
(I)pipit : what?
(R)Didi :telkom
(RR)pipit : ah yes
(T)Didi : if you know telkom you have to go straight then in the tejunction you turn left trough imam bonjol street, after that turn left again in Tamin street. You will see a kidergarten named Ar-Raudah you enter the gang in front of it and the location is in your right side.

- (I)pipit : street what?
(T)Didi : which one?
(I)pipit : the first street, what street?
(R)Didi : kartini street then turn.... sorry...
(RR)pipit : turn left

- (T) pipit : after that imam bonjol street and ta ta ta....
(I)Didi : tamin street
(R)pipit : yes i mean tamin street

Text 3
There are 6 triggers there. It’s need 5 minutes for converciating. They produce around 150 words in a minute. Here are the negotiation:
a. Explicit satatement or requesting clarification
- (T)Ari : i have micro teaching subject at that time
(I)Didi : micro what?
(R)Ari : micro teaching.

- (T)Didi : which one do you like?
(I)Ari : sorry?
(R)Didi : is there any some one do you like?

b. repetition of statement
- (T)Didi : but i think the pinky girl has a nice smile
(I)Ari : pardon? A pinky girl?
(R) Didi : yes she
(RR)Ari : her name is janah, siti nurjanah
(I)Didi : siti?
(R)Ari : yes siti nurjanah

c. requesting for clarification
- (T)Ari : it’s ni ketut apriyani
(I)Didi : sorry?
(R)Ari : ni ketut apriyani

c. Comprehension signal
- (T)Didi : nothing special
(I)Ari : pardon?
(R)Didi : nothing special
(I)Ari : pardon
(R)Didi : nothing special in your heart?
(I)Ari : sorry?
(R)Didi : huh is there notning special in your heart with her?

d. Semantik modification trough synonim, paraphrase
- (T)Ari : he has different style with us and he has an over confidence
(I)Didi : over?
(R)Ari : yeah over confidence

Text 4
There are 8 trigger here. They need 5 minutes 34 second to finish it. They poduce 155 words in a minute. Here are the negotiation:
a. Requesting for clarification
- (T)Mimi : eh... how many are you your class?
(I) Ari : sorry?
(R)Mimi : member?
(RR)Ari : what?
(RR)Mimi : ehm calss member?

b. Comprehension signal
- (T)Mimi : girl friend, where your girl friend?
(I)Ari : pardon?
(R)Mimi : eh your girl friend in the photo
(RR)Ari : hey look at the two boys, what do you think of them?
(I)Mimi : what?
(T)Ari : do you like one of them huh?
(I)Mimi : ha?
(R)Ari do you like one of them?
(RR)Mimi : eh... i think eh the left boy is good
(I)Ari : which one?
(R)Mimi : the left.
(RR)Ari : oh his name is Doni Alfaruqy
(I)Mimi : doni what?
(R)Ari : ALFARUQY
(RR)Mimi : ooh that’s a good name

c. Clarification request
- (T)Ari : eh you mean their personality?
(I)Mimi : what?
(R)Ari : yeah character or personality

d. Repeating the triger
- (T)Ari : owh it’s leni apridawaty
(I)Mimi : apri apri what?
(R)Ari : apridawaty
(RR)Mimi : leni apridawati?
(RR)Ari : hu uh
(RR)Mimi : she sweet
(T)Ari : yeah but not as sweet as you (low voice)
(I)Mimi : sorry?
(R)Ari : no no
(RR)Mimi : what?
(RR)Ari : you also sweet
e. Need clarification
- (T)Mimi : owh... all people is nice for you
(I)Ari : pardon?
(R)Mimi : you always think all people is good ya

f. Need clarefication by using triger
- (T)Mimi : eh eh can you tell me the eh the green light girl?
(I)Ari : the what?
(R)Mimi : the girl who wearing the green light cloth
(RR)Ari : oh RBR
(I)Mimi : what?
(R)Ari : RBR
(RR)Mimi : what RBR?
(RR)Ari : Rahmawati Bekti Rahayu... he he

IV. CONCLUSION

To summarize, negotiation of meaning has many definitions and classifications. One of those is as stated by Pica et al. They suggests that negotiation of meaning is generally consists of four interrelated moves. They are trigger, signal, response and follow-up moves.The first, a trigger, is viewed as any utterances followed by the addressee’s signal of total/partial lack of understanding. Next, signal, is that of total or partial lack of understanding. There are some types of signal: (1) explicit statement or request for clarification, (2) request for confirmation through repetition on the addresser, (3) request for confirmation through modification of the addresser, and (4) request for confirmation through completion or elaboration of the addresser. Then, response consists of: (1) switch to a new topic, (2) suppliance of information relevant to the topic, but not directly responsive to addressee signal, (3) repetition of the addressee’s modification of trigger, (4) self modification of trigger, (5) repetition of the addresser’s trigger, (6) confirmation or acknowledgement of signal only, and (7) indication of difficulty or inability to respond. The last is follow-up moves that consist of: (1) comprehension signal, and (2) continuation move.

All of those categories are well-studied by many experts. The basic and the main objective of the analysis is to know that there are always gaps in any communication. And to overcome this problem, it is the negotiation of meaning that plays its role well so that the communication can run well without any unnecessary misunderstanding.
The sex differences’ factor can not be ignored in learning language because it can effect their achievement in producing the language. On the dialoge above we can see that the conversiation between male and female there is still a distingtion ability. Male is tending more confidence in their performance when they speak because participants are typically in face-to face interaction; they can rarely on such extra linguistic clues as a facial expresion and gesture to aid meaning (feedback), that’s why they love to speak. Concerning with this, Moreno et al (2008) found males displayed a stronger ego-orientation and were more likely to report that they participated in an ego-oriented than did females. It can be seen in the text 3, where the participants are male.
In other hand female are likely tend to be avoid the face to face because female are lack of visual contact. In the first text where the participants are females, the dialogue is short enough.


Participants Data

Low level
1. Fitriyana Gunarti, 15 th, 10th class of SMA N I KALIREJO
2. Hikmi Halfiah, 15 th, 10th class of SMA N I KALIREJO
High level
1. Ferdi Karunia, 18 th, 12th class of SMA N I KALIREJO
2. Ari Dwi y, 18 th, 12th class of SMA N I KALIREJO