NEGOTIATION OF MEANING (BY SITI NURJANAH)

AN ANALYSIS OF SIGNAL AND RESPONSE IN THE NEGOTIATION OF MEANING IN CONVERSATION CONDUCTED BETWEEN UPPER AND LOWER STUDENTS BY USING JIGSAW TECHNIQUE

( SLA ASSIGMENT )

BY

SITI NURJANAH

    0743042040

 

                                                            

UNIVERSITY OF LAMPUNG

2010

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION     ……………………………………………………………………… 3

1.1              Background of the problem    ……………………………………………………… 3

1.2              The Problem of the research   ………………………………………………..…….. 4

1.3              The objective of the research  ……………………………………………………… 5

1.4              The uses of the research          ……………………………………………………… 5

1.5              The target of the research       ..…………………………………………………….. 5

FRAME OF THEORIES       ...……………………………………………………………. 6

2.1       Negotiation of meaning in interactions           ...……………………………………. 6

2.2       The procedures of the research           ...……………………………………………. 6

2.3       Analyzing data           ...……………………………………………………………. 7

RESULT         ..…………………………………………………………………………….. 9

3.1       Transcript        ...……………………………………………………………………. 9

3.2       Coding            ...……………………………………………………………………………. 15

3.3       Quantifying the tape   ...……………………………………………………………. 22

CONCLUTION         ……………………………………………………………………… 24

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATION   ……………………………………………………… 26

REFERENCES          ……………………………………………………………………… 27

INTRODUCTION

1.1            Background of the problem

In the second language acquisition, we know the term of negotiation of meaning. (Yufrizal, 2008) negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addresses to help themselves understand and be understood by interlocutor. It implies that negotiation of meaning is very important because it helps us to understand and be understood.

Van den Branden (1997) defines negotiation of meaning as a side sequences to the main flow of conversation aimed at signaling and solving problems of message comprehensibility, that is, aimed at restoring mutual understanding. On the other word, negotiation of meaning solves our problem in conversation so that we get understanding of the conversation.

Furthermore, Pica et al (1989) suggest that negotiations of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are trigger, signal, response, and follow-up moves. Trigger is defined as an utterance or portion of utterance on the part of the speaker, which results in some indications of non-understanding on the part of the hearer. Signal is an indication of non-understanding on the part of the hearer. Signal can be classified into two signals. The signals are signal of clarification request and signal of confirmation check. Response is the reaction to the signals. Response can be classified into nine responses. They are switch to a new topic, repetition of trigger, modification of trigger, repetition of indicator, confirm indicator, inability to respond, ignore indicator, and response unnecessary. Follow-up is the reply that is given in the case that trigger has been understood by hearer or it is an indication of understanding on the part of the hearer.

From explanation above, we find out that signal and response can be classified into some kinds of signal and response. But, we do not know yet which signal and response that are more frequently used in negotiation of meaning in a conversation. For this reason, the researcher conducted a research to find out which signal and response that are more frequently used in negotiation of meaning in a conversation titled An Analysis of Signal and Response in the Negotiation of Meaning conducted in Conversation between upper and lower students by using jigsaw technique.

1.2            The Problem of the research

Considering the background above, the researcher formulates the problem of research as stated below:

Which signal and response are more frequently used in the negotiation of meaning conducted in conversation between upper and lower students?

1.3            The objective of the research

As stated in the background and the problem of the research, the researcher states that the objective of this research is:

To find out which signal and response are more frequently used in the negotiation of meaning conducted in conversation between upper and lower students.

1.4            The uses of the research

The researcher describes the uses of research as follows:

1.      Theoretically, the results of this research are expected to confirm and clarify the previous theories about negotiation of meaning.

2.      Practically, the results of this research can be used as an alternative consideration in developing second language acquisition.

1.5            The target of the research

Robert       : an English student of MUHHAMADIYAH METRO first semester

Angga       : an English student of MUHHAMADIYAH METRO first semester

Ulfi            : a third year student of STAIN METRO first semester

Ratna            : a third year student of STAIN METRO first semester

FRAME OF THEORIES

2.1 Negotiation of meaning in interactions

Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addresses to help themselves understand and be understood by interlocutor. It implies that negotiation of meaning is very important because it helps us to understand and be understood. Pica et al (1989) suggest that negotiations of meaning basically consist of four interrelated moves. The moves are trigger, signal, response, and follow-up moves.

Van den Branden (1997) divides the negotiation of meaning into two elements: indicator and response. The indicator includes clarification request, confirmation request with trigger unmodified, confirmation request with trigger modified, non verbal indicator. The response includes   Inability to respond confirm indicator, repetition of trigger, modification of trigger, modification of indicator, ignore indicator, response unnecessary, repetition of indicator, switch to a new topic.

2.2 The procedures of the research

The procedures of the research are stated below:

1. The researcher defines task: jigsaw task

2. The teacher chooses the target language: two boys and two girls, upper students and lower

    students

3. The researcher asks the target to interact based on the task that is given

4. The researcher records the conversation conducted between upper and lower students

5. The researcher transcribes the record of conversation

6. The researcher codes the transcript

7. The researcher quantifies the record

8. The researcher analyzes signal and response in the negotiation of meaning.

 2.3 Analyzing data

Data that is got will be analyzed by using Tally Sheet. The reason of the researcher uses Tally Sheet is Tally Sheet has many advantages. The advantages are stated below:

1. Objective

2. Good for observer to use while watching class

3. Good for self-analysis by teacher

4. Easy to compare different interaction categories

5. Easy to focus on specific elements

6. Orients one’s mind set as observer

7. Visual presentation – easy to overview.

RESULT

3.1 Transcript

CONVERSATION 1

Ratna (upper)              : excuse me fi, could you tell me where the Beauty Shop is?

Ulfi (lower)     : What?.

Ratna (lower)  : Beauty Shop.

Ulfi (upper)     : Beauty Shop?

 Ratna (lower) : yes, Beauty Shop.

Ulfi (lower)     : you may start from Mallory street than you go along and turn right, Beauty Shop

Is in front of  Court House.

Ratna               : oh thank you fi?

 Ulfi                 : your welcome.

Ratna               : after that I will go to library, could you tell me where library is?.

Ulfi                  : library…..{silent}.

Ratna               : yes.

Ulfi                  : emmm....., from beauty shop you may turn right the library in the corner of the Mackerel boulevard.   

Ratna               : pardon?.

Ulfi                  : in the corner of the Mackerel boulevard is library.

 Ratna              : yes of course.

Ulfi                  : could you tell me more specific?.

Ratna               : yes of course.

Ulfi                  :. library in the corner of the Mackerel boulevard and in front of school.

Ratna.              : thank you ulfi?.

Ulfi                  : your welcome.  

Ratna               : after that may be I will go to restaurant because I am so tired and hungry, could you tell me where the restaurant is?.

Ulfi                  : well, from the library you may turn left until Mallory street, than you turn left, in front of city jail is restaurant.

Ratna               : I am still confuse.

Ulfi                  : well, I tell you once more where is the restaurant location. Start from library you may turn left in the second avenue, you may go along then you will meet Mallory street, you may turn left also, in front of the city jail is restaurant.

Ratna               : I got that.

Ulfi                  : thank you so much Ulfi, you have helped me.

Ratna               : your welcome ratna.

CONVERSATION 2

Robert (upper) : excuse me I’m looking for a good restaurant?.

Angga (lower)  : pardon?.

Robert (lower) : I’m looking for a good restaurant?.

Angga (upper) : what?.

Robert (lower) : well, could you tell me location of restaurant?.

Angga (upper) : location of restaurant?.

Robert (lower) : yes, location restaurant.

….(silent)

Angga (lower)  : it’s over there in front of city jail.

Robert              : is it far from here?.

Angga              : no.

Robert              : how far is it from here?.

Angga              : it’s about three hundred meters from the Bank.

Robert              : Angga I am still confuse with your instruction, could you tell me more specific?.

Anagga                        : pardon?

Robert              : specific place.

Angga              : o specific place?.

Robert              : yes.

Anagga                        : ok, from the Bank you may go along, than you turn right in front of city jail is a restaurant.

 Robert             : o I see, how about city hospital? Because my friend is sick, so I will visit him.

Angga              : city hospital?.

 Robert             : yes city hospital.

Angga              : where you will start from?.

 Robert             : from restaurant.

 Angga             : from restaurant you may turn right, then go along until the Bank, then you must turn right again until in the second intersection you must turn left until meet first intersection, then you turn left, city hospital nearby of pharmacy and in front of coffee shop.

Robert              : I got that, your instruction so clear.

Angga              : where will you go next?.

Robert              : o yes, I have a destination more.

Angga              : where is?

Robert              : I will go to bakery and café, could you tell me about that?.

Angga              :yes of course.

Robert              : where will you go first?.

Angga             : I will go to bakery.

Robert             : ok, from the city hotel you go around 500 meters,on the right of the street is bakery beside of flower shop.

Angga             : is it near from here?.

Robert             : yes of course.

Angga             : how about cafe location?.

Robert             : café?.

Angga             : yes café.

Robert             ; From bakery you next to, then you meet intersection then you may turn left, and you go along until meet intersection again, café is around the corner of the street.

Angga             : is it on the right or on the left of the street?.

Robert             : it is on the left of the street.

Angga             : ok thank you Angga?.

Robert             : your welcome.

Angga             : you have helped me, you are so kind.

Roberet           : thank you.

3.2  Coding

CONVERSATION 1

Ratna (upper)              : excuse me fi, could you tell me where the Beauty Shop is? (trigger)

Ulfi (lower)     : What? (signal: clarification )

Ratna (lower)  : Beauty Shop. (respond: modification)

Ulfi (upper)     : Beauty Shop? (respond confirmation indicator)

 Ratna (lower) : yes, Beauty Shop. (follow up)

Ulfi (lower)     : you may start from Mallory street than you go along and turn right, Beauty Shop

Is in front of  Court House. (trigger)

Ratna               : oh thank you fi? ( signal)

 Ulfi                 : your welcome. (respond)

Ratna               : after that I will go to library, could you tell me where library is?. ( trigger)

Ulfi                  : library…..{silent}. ( signal confirmation)

Ratna               : yes. ( respond : inability to respond)

Ulfi                  : emmm....., from beauty shop you may turn right the library in the corner of the Mackerel boulevard. ( follow up)  

Ratna               : pardon?. (signal: clarification)

Ulfi                  : in the corner of the Mackerel boulevard is library. (respond: modification of trigger)

 Ratna              : yes of course. ( respond: confirmation indicator)

Ulfi                  : could you tell me more specific?. (trigger)

Ratna               : yes of course. ( respond: confirmation indicator)

Ulfi                  :. library in the corner of the Mackerel boulevard and in front of school. ( follow up)

Ratna.              : thank you ulfi?. ( signal)

Ulfi                  : your welcome. ( respond)

Ratna               : after that may be I will go to restaurant because I am so tired and hungry, could you tell me where the restaurant is?. ( trigger)

Ulfi                  : well, from the library you may turn left until Mallory street, than you turn left, in front of city jail is restaurant. ( follow up)

Ratna               : I am still confuse. ( signal)

Ulfi                  : well, I tell you once more where is the restaurant location. Start from library you may turn left in the second avenue, you may go along then you will meet Mallory street, you may turn left also, in front of the city jail is restaurant. ( respond)

Ratna               : I got that. ( order respond)

Ulfi                  : thank you so much Ulfi, you have helped me. (signal)

Ratna               : your welcome ratna. ( respond)

CONVERSATION 2

Robert (upper) : excuse me I’m looking for a good restaurant?. ( trigger)

Angga (lower)  : pardon?. ( signal: clarification request)

Robert (lower) : I’m looking for a good restaurant?. (respond: repetition of indicator)

Angga (upper) : what?.( follow up)

Robert (lower) : well, could you tell me location of restaurant?. ( trigger)

Angga (upper) : location of restaurant?. (respond: repetation of indicator)

Robert (lower) : yes, location restaurant. ( respond: inability to respond)

….(silent)

Angga (lower)  : it’s over there in front of city jail. ( follow up)

Robert              : is it far from here?.( signa:cofirmation check)

Angga              : no.( respond confirmation indicator)

Robert              : how far is it from here?. ( signal: confirmation check)

Angga              : it’s about three hundred meters from the Bank.( respond: confirmation indicator)

Robert              : Angga I am still confuse with your instruction, could you tell me more specific?. (trigger)

Anagga                        : pardon? ( signal: clarification request)

Robert              : specific place.( respond: repetition of indicator)

Angga              : o specific place?. ( signal: clarification request)

Robert              : yes. ( respond: inability to respond)

Anagga                        : ok, from the Bank you may go along, than you turn right in front of city jail is a restaurant.( follow up)

 Robert             : o I see, how about city hospital? Because my friend is sick, so I will visit him.( trigger)

Angga              : city hospital?.( signal: confirmation check)

 Robert             : yes city hospital.( respond: repetation of indicator)

Angga              : where you will start from?.( trigger)

 Robert             : from restaurant.( respond: inability to respond)

 Angga             : from restaurant you may turn right, then go along until the Bank, then you must turn right again until in the second intersection you must turn left until meet first intersection, then you turn left, city hospital nearby of pharmacy and in front of coffee shop.(follow up)

Robert              : I got that, your instruction so clear.( respond: inability to respond)

Angga              : where will you go next?.( trigger)

Robert              : o yes, I have a destination more. (respond:inability to respond)

Angga              : where is?( trigger)

Robert              : I will go to bakery and café, could you tell me about that?. ( signal confirmation check)

Angga              :yes of course. ( respond: repetation of indicator)

Robert              : where will you go first?.( trigger)

Angga             : I will go to bakery. ( signal: confirmation indicator)

Robert             : ok, from the city hotel you go around 500 meters,on the right of the street is bakery beside of flower shop.( follow up)

Angga             : is it near from here?.( signal:cofirmation check)

Robert             : yes of course.( respond: confirmation of indicator)

Angga             : how about cafe location?. (trigger)

Robert             : café?. (signal: confirmation check)

Angga             : yes café.( respond: repetition of indicator)

Robert             ; From bakery you next to, then you meet intersection then you may turn left, and you go along until meet intersection again, café is around the corner of the street.( follow up)

Angga             : is it on the right or on the left of the street?.( signal: confirmation indicator)

Robert             : it is on the left of the street.( respond: confirmation indicator)

Angga             : ok thank you Angga?.( signal: confirmation check)

Robert             : your welcome.(respond: confirmation indicator)

Angga             : you have helped me, you are so kind. (signal: confirmation check)

Roberet           : thank you.( respond: confirmation indicator)

CONVERSATION 1

NAME	TALLY	TOTAL
Trigger	IIII	4 times
Signal    Clarification request Confirmation check	III IIIIIIII	3 times 8 times
Response Modification Response Inability to respond Confirm indicator	I IIII I IIII	1 time 4 times 1 time 4 times
Follow up	IIII	4 times

CONVERSATION 2

NAME	TALLY	TOTAL
Trigger	IIIIIIIII	9 times
Signal    Clarification request Confirmation check	III IIIIIIII	3 times 8 times
Response Modification Response Inability to respond Confirm indicator	IIIIIIIIIII IIII IIIII IIIIIIIIIIIII	11 time 4 times 5 times 13 times
Follow up	IIIII	5 times

CONCLUTION

Having analyzed the data, the researcher concludes that in the use of signal, signal confirmation check is dominantly used in negotiation of meaning in conversation conducted between upper and lower students. In conversation 1, the total use of signal clarification request is 3 times. In conversation 2, the total use of signal clarification request is 3 times. From the two conversations, the total use of signal clarification request is 6 times. On the other hand, the total use of confirmation check in conversation 1 is 8 times and in conversation 2, the total use of confirmation check is 8 times. From the two conversations, the total use of confirmation check is 16 times. The researcher assumes that this happens because the listeners have already had background knowledge of English, but the are not used to implementing it orally so that when they heard the others spoke English, they felt doubtful of what the others were saying. As we know, spelling and pronunciation in English are rather different from spelling and pronunciation in Indonesian language.

In the case of kinds of response that are found in negotiation of meaning in conversation conducted between upper and lower students, the researcher finds 4 kinds of response in conversation 1. The 4 kinds of response are modification, respond, inability to respond, confirm indicator. In modification is 1 time, respond is 3 times, inability to respond 1 time, and confirm indicator 3 times.  And there are 4 times of trigger. In follow up is 4 times. In conversation 2, the researcher finds 4 kinds of response. The 4 kinds of response are modification, respond, inability to respond, confirm indicator. In modification is 11 times, respond is 4 times, inability to respond is 5 times, confirm indicator is 13 times. And there are 9 times in trigger. In follow up is 5 times. 

EDUCATIONAL IMPLICATION

This research is very valuable for education, especially English, because it provides learners opportunity to get comprehensible input and produce comprehensible output. Yufrizal (2008: 105) states that one of the activities that can provide opportunity for learners to get comprehensible input and produce comprehensible output is through negotiation of meaning, which also provides learners opportunity to use the target language as much as possible.

This research is a useful way of ensuring the relevance of teacher-education programs. Walker (1985) sees research as a useful way of ensuring the relevance of teacher-education programs. Involving student teachers in real research is likely to make teacher-educational programs more relevant.

Having this research, we have stimulated processes of second language acquisition. Nunan (1989: 45) states that the SLA research has been concerned with identifying those types of communicative tasks which seem to stimulate processes of second language acquisition.

REFERENCES

Universitas Lampung (2007) Format Penulisan Karya Ilmiah, Bandar Lampung: University of Lampung.

Nunan, David (1989) Understanding Language Classrooms, New York: Prentice Hall International English Language Teaching.

Setiadi, Ag. Bambang (2001) Penelitian Dalam Pengajaran Bahasa Inggris, Bandar Lampung: University of Lampung.

Yufrizal, Hery (2008) An Introduction to Second Language Acquisition, Bandung: Pustaka Reka Cipta.