NEGOTIATION OF MEANING
Negotiation of meaning is defined as a series of exchanges conducted by addressors and addresses to help themselves understand and be understood by their interlocutors. In this case, when native speakers and non native speakers are involved in an interaction, both interactants work together to solve any potential misunderstanding and non understanding that occurs, by checking each others comprehension, requesting clarifications and confirmation and by repairing and adjusting speech (Picca,1988). The process of negotiation of meaning is illustrated by figure.
The figure shows how a negotiation process occurs. For example during a communicative exchanges in which addressees had difficulty understanding and addressors sensed this difficulty, addressors could restructure the conversation in order to make their input comprehensible to addressees and thus allow the conversation to continue to take in this restructuring, addressors could, for example, pause and question addressees as to whether their understood, or sensing confusion on the addressees parts, addressors could simply repeat themselves verbatim or in paraphrase.
These same restructuring technique could be used following utterances of the addresses. Such modifications would give the interlocutors more opportunities to negotiate for message meaning and would allow addresses more time to process message content and thus short out the confusions it triggered. Addressees could restructure the conversation through requests to addressors for clarification or through utterances seeking to confirm whether what they heard was actually what had been said.
Varonis and Gass (1985) proposed a simpler model for the exchanges that create negotiation of meaning. The model consist of four primes called :
a. Trigger (T) which invokes or stimulates incompleteunderstanding on the part of the hearer
b. Indicator (I), which is the hearer’s signal of incomplete understanding,
c. Respon (R) is the original speaker’s attempt to clear up the unaccepted-input,and
d. Reaction to the response (RR),which is an element that signals either to the hearer’s acceptance
The model contains two componens:the trigger component (T) and the resolution component. The resolution containsthree elements: indicator (I),response(R) and reaction to response (RR). A trigger is defined as an utterance or portion of utterance on the part of the speaker,which result in some indication of non-understanding on the part of the hearer. The model suggests that from the trigger the hearer can indicate non-understanding (the indicator =I) which can be responded to (R) by the speaker in various ways. Reactions to response (RR) can be produced by either the speaker or the hearer.
Example 1:
NNS1 : I’m living in Osaka
NNS2 : Osaka?
NNS1 : Yeah Osaka,Osaka
NNS2 : What do you mean?
NNS1 : Osaka (Japanese word)
NNS2 : oh
NNS1 : I’m not really mean Osaka city. It’s near city
NNS2 : near city?
The two models by Pica and Doughty (1985) and Gass and Varonis (1985) have stimulated some researchers to investigate the relationship between communication tasks and the patterns of interaction which have resulted from the activities. The two models also suggest that in an interactional modification or negotiation, there are at least two different moves: the move of signals and the move of reaction to the signal (repair or modification). The move of signal consists of three concepts: confirmation check, comprehension check, and clarification request. The repair move consist of self-and other-repetition, elaboration and justification.
Pica et al (1989) suggest that negotiations of meaning basically consist of four interrelated move. The moves are trigger,signal,response, and follow-up moves. Definitions and examples of each move were completely described in Pica et al (1989) and Pica et al (1991) and these have been used as a fundamental resource for most recent studies of interaction and negotiation of meaning (Kasanga, 1996;Foster, 1998; Martyn, forthcoming; Roebers, forthcoming; Valera, 1999)
• Trigger (T) : utterances followed by native speaker (NS) signal of total/partial lack of understanding.
• Signal (S) : of total or partial lack of understanding. There are many types of signal. They are:
a. explicit statement or request for clarification
b. request for confirmation through repetition of the nonnative speaker (NNS)
c. request for confirmation through modification of the NNS
d. request for confirmation through completion or elaboration of the NNS
• Response (R) : there are two responses, i.e.
1. NNS Response:
a. Switch to the topic
b. Suppliance of information relevant to the topic, but not directly responsive to NS signal
c. Repetition of the NS modification of trigger
d. Self modification of trigger
e. Repetition of NNS trigger
f. Confirmation of signal only
g. Indication of difficulty or inability to respond
Interaction and the Negotiation of Meaning
From T. Pica (1987). “Second-language acquisition, social interaction, and the classroom.” Applied Linguistics, 8, 3-21.
Signals of comprehension difficulty
• Confirmation checks: Moves by which one speaker seeks confirmation of the other’s
preceding utterance through repetition, with rising intonation, of what was perceived to
be all or part of the preceding utterance.
• Clarification requests: Moves by which one speaker seeks assistance in understanding
the other speaker’s preceding utterance through questions, ... statements such as “I don’t
understand,” or imperatives such as “Please repeat.”
• Comprehension checks: Moves by which one speaker attempts to determine whether the other speaker has understood a preceding message.
Examples of meaning negotiation
(A) so you came here by yourself or did you come with friends?
(B) no no I
(A) what? what you say?
(clarification request)
(A) OK, he's dancing with the woman doctor
(B) excuse me?
(clarification request)
(A) the the young man doctor is dancing with the woman doctor, right?
(comprehension check)
(B) Mmhm
(A) and they have the chwach there the what?
(clarification request)
(B) the chwach - I know someone that what does it mean?
(clarification request)
(A) like um like American people they always go there every Sunday yes?you know - every morning that there pr-that-the American people get dressed up to goto um chwach
(B) oh to church - I see
SCRIPT OF THE CONVERSATION BETWEEN BOY AND GIRL
Boy : Hi
Girl : Hi
Boy : What are you doing here?
Girl : As you know lah.I'm so turn here.What abaut you?
Boy : Yeah. I just emh..be fresh our mind here because i emh...I have writing subject just now and really...really...(T)
Girl : What? Writing?(S)
Boy : Yeah writing Mr.Basturi you know?(R)
Girl : Oh I see(TU)
Boy : But...but...you know that so funny in the class.You make many joke so that all of the class laugh for him
Girl : Yeah
Boy : Yeah.What about your next holiday.Where do you go?
Girl : Hmm.....i'm so confused about eee...where....eee....where i was count my holiday but ee...you know i don't want to take more about my holiday you know there are a lot....a lot of task there are to have to be...there are have to finish.
Boy : Oh yeah....I get an idea ......why you shouldn't come my village. You know that in my village there are so many beatiful view and then......
Girl : Oh my god
Boy : There are many rice field e...mountain....it's beatiful and natural view you know it is good idea to visit my village
Girl : Are you sure?
Boy : Yeah
Girl : Are you sure.......are you sure to purpose me to come to your village?
Boy : Yes....why....why not?
Girl : I....i know little bit about your village and oh my god....it's not....this not a good decision for me.....a good destination so....yeah....to visit to your village because yeah you know lah...
Boy : So...how about your village....there are some view at your village may be...
Girl : We should I emmm....should i explain you more abaut kota gajah
Boy : Where is kota gajah?(T)
Girl : yeah kota gajah(S)
Boy : yeah....I don't know about kota gajah....you know?(R)
Girl : Well ehm...ehm....kota gajah. I can say that kota gajah is yeah...ehm...
Boy : I think....i think....from the name of kota gajah,there are so many gajah.....elephant you know?
Gril : So many gajah you mean?(T)
Boy : Yeah(S)
Girl : No...no....the place was an historical place i mean that e,,,,at that time that kota gajah is place by any kota gajah yeah is most e....yeah....i say that historical place. You will not be annoyed if come to kota gajah(R)
Boy : So....You don't know the history of the name of your village of kota gajah
Girl : I am already told to you.....kota gajah is already....
Boy : Ok....ok...i see....i see.. I will talking about my next holiday e... I have plan next holiday.. e....i will go to the beach with my friends...like Dian....ehm....purwanti....you know purwanti?
Girl : Purwanti??(T)
Boy : yeah purwanti...The big and the biggest strongest(S)
Girl : yeah i know her. What about me?what about me...what about me?(TU)
Boy : Yeah....I think
Girl : Will you purpose me to come with you ?
Boy : E...e...i will consider
Girl : Oh my god....you should me as your first...first....as the first lady that you will....what this it? You will invate to
Boy : So do you want to follow us to the beach
Girl : Yes of chourse...udah belum ya ?
Boy : Are you sure?(S)
Girl : Yeah but ehm...what this it......it sounds...it sounds...it sounds...great because i have never...never visit the beach since 4 months(R)
Boy : Are you kidding? you never visit the beach? wow...(S)
Girl : No..no..(R)
Boy : I almost visit the beach it has been at about 4 mounth...inever come back the beach So....you don't like the beatiful beach?
girl : I like it... I like it
Boy : What is the most you like for the natural view?
Girl : The beach of chourse, and i can what this it....i can swim...yeah i can swim in the beach
Boy : Banana boat you know
Girl : Yeah i like it
Boy : Yeah
Girl : Yeah
SCRIPT OF THE COVERSATION BETWEEN BOY AND GIRL
Boy1: woi!!!!!!!
Boy2: Woi
Boy1: What are you doing here?
Boy2: I just read the haj
Boy1: Yeah....i want to talk something but i think it's suprise with me...you know?
Boy2: What?(S)
Boy1: My father will buy me new motorcycle. You know....Yamaha Vixion.....(R)
Boy1: Oh my god....it so good(TU)
Boy2: As my dream you know
boy1: Oh...you know my favorite bikers? Valentino Rossi...you know
Boy2: Yes i know
Boy1: The winner of the word champion of moto GP
boy2: Yeah
Boy1: He is my favorite
Boy2: yeah?
Boy1: I want to be like him.I want to have motorcycle like valentino Rossi. You know YZR M1. Wow....it is my dream to have motorcycle like that. What is your dream?
Boy2: No...I don't like Valentino Rossi
Boy1: So...What do you like?
Boy2: I don't like such kind of motorcycle
Boy1: Hah...what...lemet...lemet...
Boy2: Yeah....
boy1: so...What do you like?
Boy2: I like such kind of....everything kind of gudget..such laptop...i phone...and atc it's amazing you know...i pad....very amazing for me
Boy1: This is example.....it is a phone...new handphone
Boy2: Not kind like this....I phone i mean i phone from america
Boy1: I think all of the handphone is similar based on the function is for calling for sending message. Everything is the same between the i phone and my handphone...you know....
Boy2: No..no..i'm disagree with you e...e... You said that all phone is same i phone is what this it more..more..more...amazing and exciting for me.he..what this it...it's phone it's self has...has...more application...application to use and more games...more education so i will...i will be entertain by....
Boy1: Stop your talking...stop your talking please it's about Valentino Rossi and motorcycle one.OK we talk any discussion may be...oh i think who is your girlfriend?
Boy2: Why you ask me about girlfriend?(T)
Boy1: All of the class know that you are playboy in the class(S)
Boy2: Really? (R)
Bou1: Yeah....you so amazing....How about mira
Boy2: What??(T)
Boy1: How about of mira?(S)
Boy2: Oh...Forget it....(TU)
Boy1: Linda?
Boy2: Yeah.....You ask me about my girlfriend so where is your girlfriend.
Boy1: I don't think so.I don't have any girlfriend.
Boy2: Really?(T)
Boy1: Yeah...You find me one girl friend may be or may be you will give me one of your girlfriend for me.(S)
Boy2: No..no..I just only have one girl friend but it's far from here....not...not...not..near in my domitory
Boy1: What is the book
Boy2: oh..This us the haj by leon uris, you know...this very amazing amazing amazing novel, you have know titlle...the prose the prose subject
Boy1: No
Boy2: From Mrs. Roshita
Boy1: No
Boy2: Oh...You will be what this is going.....you will going by what this it finish this assignment...this everyweek he she give us she gines us...e...e...what this it homework
Boy1: I think all of the class everyday just talking about prose prose prose
Boy2: Yes...yes...
Boy1: I still boring about it...you know..and prose and prose again
Boy2: Yes...me me me...too...you know e...e...yeah....indonesia has been..had been the winner
Boy1: Indonesia go to the final
Boy2: Yes....you know gonzales?
Boy1: Yes of chourse.
Boy2: Gonzales.... I think gonzales will be the what this it in this season of AFF Suzuki Cup
Boy1: So gonzales is your favorite player?
Boy2: Not,actually
Boy1: So..what..who is your favorite player ? I think.....Marcus.
Boy2: No...
Boy1: The face... i think there is some similarities your face between you and marcus horizon
Boy2: Marcus.... No..
Boy1: You know....I think you should change your hair style like marcus
Boy2: No Thanks
Boy1: You will... look more handsome with hair marcus style
Boy2: since kiki amalia has been his wife
SCRIPT OF CONVERSATION BETWEEN GIRL AND GIRL
Girl1 : Oh my god mira...it has been....you know...it has been.... i got....i'm so hungry you know...
Girl2 : Really... me too...actually i feel hungry
Girl1 : So do I
Girl2 : so..what kind of food that you want to eat for lunch
girl1 : I do really what to eat
Girl2 : What do you think about
Girl1 : I do really want to eat chicken noodles(T)
Girl2 : Chicken noodles?(S)
Girl1 : Chicken noodles(R)
Girl2 : Chicken noodles?(S)
Girl1 : What is we call it "mie ayam"(R)
Girl2 : ah i see...you joke....chicken noodles(TU)
Girl1 : yes....i call that chicken noodles
Girl2 : But i have
Girl1 : That's my favorite eat
Gril2 : But i have intermedia practice yet so i need to eat rice...but i don't know what the best for our lunch
girl1 : If you so...I just want to purpose you to...to the...what this it...we call it...to the...(T)
Girl2 : our cafetaria?(S)
Girl1 : yes...cafetaria(R)
Girl2 : Ok..our cafetaria and....where is it?...over there?(TU)
Girl1 : Behind of these building(T)
Girl2 : Behind of these building?(S)
Girl1 : Yeah...(R)
girl2 : Oh...yeah..i see...but there is no any rice....you know..(TU)
Girl1 : Are you sure? but i have visit there
Girl2 : yes..there is only sell somay...how about we have a sit first to think
about where the place that we should have our lunch..come on..
Girl1 : We have to think our lunch but we do not have an act..we have to know thier sold
Girl2 : i have an idea..how about for save our money..how about w3e cook at your...
Girl1 : you know..
Girl2 : grametry
Girl1 : this it a good idea
Girl2 : yes..because this is almost the end of these month so a need some account...
Girl1 : yeah
Girl2 : yeah...not loose i have spends much of many account..so that's way i think that we should have too to save our money...and we just....
Girl1 : may be we can...
Girl2 : make our meals by our self(S)
Girl1 : yeah..may be we can make a fried rice...or we just..what this it..buy the vegetables and then after that...yeah...we can..we can...have lunch...a cheapest...the cheapest was(TU)
Girl2 : well talking about this ...our lunch..i want to buy something that i really wants to..since three month,....
girl1 : what this it?
Girl :I'm so shy to said it
girl2 : Why
Girl1 : Well
Girl2 : We have sit first....there...and then what do you want to eat....this is almost one and we just have no more
Girl1 : Have class?(S)
Girl2 : Yes i have a class at one so that's way we didn't have.....we don't have much time.(R)
Girl1 : So...you have already to cook in my grametry.So...after this my be cook by our self
Girl2 : what this it....what is the food that you want really....
Girl1 : Ehmmmmm .....may be...
Girl2 : that you really want to eat?
Girl1 : Fried egg(T)
Girl2 : Fried egg?(S)
Girl1 : yeah....(R)
Girl2 : OOOO....And than with?(TU)
Girl1 : With noodle(S)
Girl2 : With noodles?....and you put the cheese on the top so yummy....how about we put vegetable and then....(R)
Girl1 : The noodle with the fried egg with e....some sauce with....ehmmm some ehmmm what we call it "kerupuk"
Girl2 : yeah...yeah..i know...i know
Girl1 : you know that will be the kind of schoollarship right ?
Girl2 : O yeah?????????????????
Girl1 : yeah
ANALYSIS
From the conversation above, the writer analyze there are some negotiation of meaning done by the speakers. They tried to clarify each words which probably difficult to be understood so that the conversation can run well. It commonly happens with Indonesian’s students whereas English is a foreign language. Nevertheless, the writer believes that negotiation of meaning is a part of learning the language. That is one of ways to acquire the language directly, consciously/unconsciously.
Students in the conversation I,II,and III are both in the same level of proficiency in English. They are talking about holiday, hobbies, and lunch/food. They try to negotiate the meaning when they find the difficulties in comprehending the aim of the speakers. As stated above there are T (Sound that can make misunderstanding), S (Confirmation Check, Clarification Request), R (Self Repetition), Follow up/TU (statement showed understanding). They are the symbol of negotiation of meaning.
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