THE ASSIGNMENT OF INTRODUCTION TO

SECOND LANGUAGE AQCUISITION

”AN ANNALYSIS BABY TALK IN

LAMPUNGNESE CULTURE”

BY

SITI MAISAROH

0743042039

ENGLISH STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

THE FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

LAMPUNG UNIVERSITY

2010

BABY TALK

Baby talk referred to as caretaker speech, infant-directed speech (IDS) or child-directed speech (CDS) and informally as "motherese", "parentese", or "mommy talk", is a nonstandard form of speech used by adults in talking to toddlers and infants. It is usually delivered with a "cooing" pattern of intonation different from that of normal adult speech: high in pitch, with many glissando variations that are more pronounced than those of normal speech. Baby talk is also characterized by the shortening and simplifying of words. Baby talk is a long-established and universally understood traditional term.

Motherese and parentese are more precise terms than baby talk, and perhaps more amenable to computer searches, but are not the terms of choice among child development professionals (and by critics of gender stereotyping with respect to the term motherese) because all caregivers, not only parents, use distinct speech patterns and vocabulary when talking to young children. Motherese can also refer to English spoken in a higher, gentler manner, which is otherwise correct English, as opposed to the non-standard, shortened word forms.

Baby talk is more effective than regular speech in getting an infant's attention. Studies have shown that infants actually prefer to listen to this type of speech. Some researchers, including Rima Shore (1997), believe that baby talk is an important part of the emotional bonding process between the parents and their child that help the infants learn the language. More than one language can also be learned because eventually, the child will be clever enough to differentiate the languages. It is easier to learn languages as an infant than as an adult. Other researchers from Carnegie Mellon University and the University of Wisconsin confirm that using basic “baby talk” helps babies pick up words faster than usual. Infants actually pay more attention when parents use infant-directed language, which has a slower and more repetitive tone than used in regular conversation.

Personality data

Parents name   : 1. Father        : Saripuddin

                          2. mother       : Faridah

Children’s name                      : Adya Citra Jayanti

Age                                         : 3,5 years old

Family background                 : Lampungnese

Setting : 1. Time          : evening

  2. Place          : home

 citra and her mother is talking about citra’s activity in that day.

mother : niku khadu jak mengan gulai api? (makan pae sayur apa?)

Citra    :ha?

mother:Gulai api mengan na?(makan sayur apa?)

Citra    :gulaaaii elol.(pake elol)

mother :gulai telor…ooohhh…niku jinna jak midokh dipa khik kak lia na wi? Ha? (pake telor…tadi main kemana sama kak lia nya?)

Citra    : jak ja ani…(dari ani)

mother : khang ni sapa? (darimana?)

Citra    :ana ani…

mother :khang ni mamak dani…oh jak midok dudo ya..(tempatnya om dani…ooo dari sana ya?)

Citra    : khik nan siti.(sama tante siti)

mother :oh khik nan siti munih…ehm..cakak motor kudo?(sama tante siti juga…naik motor ya?)

Citra    : a a

mother : motor ni sapa wi?(motor siapa sih?)

Citra    :motor ni….(motor nya)

mother :motor ni sapa? (motornya siapa?)

Citra    :ha?

mother: motor ni sapa?motor ni kakak lia? (motor siapa? Punya kakak lia?)

Citra    :ho o

bak      :motor njuk khappa wi ?bettik motor na? hem..bettik? (gimana motornya? Bagus motornya? Bagus?)

Citra    :ho o

mother:bettik nihan?njuk khappa wi motor na? gugoh ni wo awat? (bagus ga?kayak mana motornya? Kaya punya wo ga?)

Citra    :mawat…(ga)

mother :mawat? (ga?)

Citra    :jelek…

mother :jelek…?

Citra    :eh eh

mother : jelek nihan…(jelek betul)

The common baby talk techniques of speaking slow, overenunciating, and overemphasizing one or two words in a sentence ("niku khadu jak mengan gulai api? Gulai api menganna?- kamu makan pake sayur apa? Sayur apa makannya?) are tailor-made for the 1- or 2-year-old child trying to segment the speech stream into comprehensible units. Her mother uses a slower and more repetitive tone than used in regular conversation. It sounds that her mother try to make the sentence simpler. ("niku khadu jak mengan gulai api? Gulai api menganna?- kamu makan pake sayur apa? Sayur apa makannya?)

mother : motor ni sapa wi? (motor siapa sih?)

Citra    :motor ni….(motornya…?)

mother :motor ni sapa?(motor siapa?)

Citra    :ha? (ya?)

mother : motor ni sapa?motor ni kakak lia? (motor siapa? Motornya kakak lia?)

Citra    :ho o (ho o)

bak      :motor njuk khappa wi ?bettik motor na? bettik? (motor seperti apa? Bagus motorny? bagus)

Citra    :ho o

Her mother make the question clearer with use many repetitive sentence (motor ni sapa wi?motor ni sapa?- motor siapa sih?motor siapa?) and she uses different tone in several words in order to make citra understand what she means about. The type of sentences that use in Citra’s mother is heightened grammaticality, shorter and simpler sentences, limitation of topic, and repetition.

Although citra only answer “yes”, but she now what her mother’s mean exactly. When adults select special language to express affection, they use many of the same forms with other adults as they do with children. Just as parents use high pitch and special pronunciations of certain words to indicate warm feelings for children( bettik nihan?njuk khappa wi motor na? gugoh ni wo awat? (bagus ga?kayak mana motornya? Kaya punya wo ga?).

In that dialogue, citra’s mother uses his control to guide citra in answering the question. The control function of language serves a number of goals: from getting a person's attention, to establishing a social pecking order, to monopolizing a conversation. Only the first of these is relevant to baby talk. Listen to mothers addressing infants.

mother : motor ni sapa wi? (motor siapa sih?)

Citra    :motor ni….(motornya…?)

mother :motor ni sapa?(motor siapa?)

Citra    :ha? (ya?)

mother : motor ni sapa?motor ni kakak lia? (motor siapa? Motornya kakak lia?)

Citra    :ho o (ho o)

mother :motor njuk khappa wi ?bettik motor na? bettik? (motor seperti apa? Bagus motorny? bagus)

Citra    :ho o

 Typically, one hears a greater range of frequencies than in speech directed to adults. This range is heavily motivated by a desire to get--and hold--the baby's attention. Intuitively, mothers seem to understand that babies attend more to novel and varied signals than to monotones. Another critical device is to increase speaking volume. A loud "Stop!" will generally get a toddler to halt in her tracks, even if she doesn't yet understand the meaning of the word.

Shore and other researchers believe that baby talk contributes to mental development, as it helps teach the child the basic function and structure of language. Studies have found that responding to an infant's babble with meaningless babble aids the infant's development; while the babble has no logical meaning, the verbal interaction demonstrates to the child the bidirectional nature of speech, and the importance of verbal feedback. Some experts advise that parents should not talk to infants and young children solely in baby talk, but should integrate some normal adult speech as well. The high-pitched sound of motherese gives it special acoustic qualities which may appeal to the infant (Goodluck 1991).

Setting : 1. Time          : afternoon

               2. place         : in the yard

Citra calls her friend, Ade,l to play with her

Citra    : adeeeelll ….!!!!adeellll…!!!  del sini…!!!…mainan… mainan api nan? (ask her aunty)

Minan  : ya basing…mainan boneka.

Citra    : sini dell, mainan boka…boye… boneka yuuukk…?!!!

It looks so normal conversiation, when citra ask her friend to play with her. Her friend adel uses a national language (indonesia). Citra try to make a simple invitation. It means she has a brave to ask her friend.

In any case, the normal child will eventually acquire the local language without difficulty, regardless of the degree of exposure to baby talk. However, the use of motherese could have an important role in affecting the rate and quality of language acquisition.

Motherese may aid a child in the acquisition and/or comprehension of language-particular rules which are otherwise unpredictable, when utilizing principles of universal grammar (Goodluck 1991). It has been also suggested that motherese is crucial for children to acquire the ability to ask questions. Some[who?] feel that parents should refer to the child and others by their names only (no pronouns, e.g., he, I, or you), to avoid confusing infants who have yet to form an identity independent from their parents.